What is an ADCC assay?

What is an ADCC assay?

Antibody-mediated cytotoxicity assay (ADCC) is a prominent mechanism in the host immune defense. The antigen-binding fragment (Fab) region of an antibody binds to a specific antigen on a target cell (Figure 1.), commonly an infected cell, or pathogen.

What is ADCC testing?

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is an important biological function attributed to the mechanism of action of several therapeutic antibodies, particularly oncology targeting mAbs. The ADCC assay is a complicated and highly variable assay.

What is ADCC immune response?

A type of immune reaction in which a target cell or microbe is coated with antibodies and killed by certain types of white blood cells. The white blood cells bind to the antibodies and release substances that kill the target cells or microbes.

Which antibodies are involved in ADCC?

ADCC requires an effector cell which classically is known to be natural killer (NK) cells that typically interact with immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. However, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils can also mediate ADCC, such as eosinophils killing certain parasitic worms known as helminths via IgE antibodies.

What is the killer cell?

A type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or cells infected with a virus. A natural killer cell is a type of white blood cell. Also called NK cell and NK-LGL. Enlarge.

What is the significance of ADCC?

ADCC is an important part of the immune defence mechanism whereby a target cell is recognised by an antibody using specific proteins (antigens) on the cell surface. Fc receptors on the effector cells of the immune system then recognise the bound antibodies, and subsequently mediate lysis of the target cells.

What cells are involved in ADCC?

ADCC by four major immune effector cells: macrophages/resident monocytes, NK cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils. The target cell may either be microbe infected or a tumor cell that expresses the antigen recognized and bound by the antibody.

What cell kills viruses?

Cytotoxic effector cells that can destroy virus-infected cells include cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, and activated macrophages. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes can recognize and destroy virus-infected (more…)

What is the mechanism of ADCC?

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), also called antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, is an immune mechanism through which Fc receptor-bearing effector cells can recognize and kill antibody-coated target cells expressing tumor- or pathogen-derived antigens on their surface.

What is the constant region of an antibody?

This region of the antibody is called the Fab (fragment, antigen binding) region. It is composed of one constant and one variable domain from each heavy and light chain of the antibody. The paratope is shaped at the amino terminal end of the antibody monomer by the variable domains from the heavy and light chains.

Where is the variable region of an antibody?

The variable region includes the ends of the light and heavy chains. Treating the antibody with a protease can cleave this region, producing Fab or fragment antigen binding that include the variable ends of an antibody.

What is ADCC in immunology?

The antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), also referred to as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, is a mechanism of cell-mediated immune defense whereby an effector cell of the immune system actively lyses a target cell, whose membrane-surface antigens have been bound by specific antibodies.

What is antibody mediated response?

The antibody response is the foundation of antibody-mediated immunity, also called humoral immunity, the process by which the immune system prevents reinfection by specific pathogens. Vaccines manipulate antibody-mediated immunity by introducing weakened pathogens (such as viruses and bacteria)…

Are antibodies protein specific?

Antibodies work by recognising and sticking to specific proteins, such as those found on the surfaces of viruses and bacteria, in a highly specific way. When the body encounters a microbe for the first time, immune cells produce antibodies that specifically recognise proteins associated with that particular microbe.

Are T-cell receptors antibodies?

Antibodies are chemicals that are formed and released from specific B cells in response to a signal from a T cell. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte that has T cell-type receptors on the plasma membrane of the cell. An antibody is a protein that has various chains, some of which are modified for attachment to antigens.